ࡱ> 463bjbj4({{ LR 0^^^^^MMMY[[[[[[>[MMMMM[^^pMj^^YMY^`r E0 MMMMMMM[[MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM :From terrazzani at arms to fanti eletti. Patrons, clients, territorial self-defense and military professionalism in Piedmont and Lombardy in the second phase of the Italian Wars. Michele Maria Rab The second phase of the Italian Wars led to some fundamental innovations in the profession of arms, as consequences both of the new policy framework drawn by the election of Charles V of Habsburg to the imperial throne, and of large-scale introduction of a new defensive device, the trace italienne, able to counteract the shots of the most modern guns, forcing attackers to long, costly sieges. The increase in expenses for carrying and holding the new defensive structures found centralized bureaucracies skills in organization and management totally inadequate to support the war effort, requiring massive recourse to feudal nobles and bankers. The end of annihilation wars of the early sixteenth century decided mostly on the field of a single battle led to the same outcome: the war through trattati secret agreements between the attackers and people or garrisons of fortified positions became habitual practice, and the only feasible tactic to advance into enemy territory, avoiding the attrition of available scarce resources. Primary requirement to ensure static defenses was therefore the loyalty of officers and soldiers, guaranteed by choosing recruits among those belonging to patronage networks linked to noble families, faithful to the emperor or the king of France. In this contribution we will take in account the exchange between the world of the tributary workers and the regularly inrollati soldiers in infantry companies, committed to the defense of the Duchy of Milan and French Piedmont between 1536 and 1558. Assigned to the city guards and territorial defense, the former were part of the households of the most eminent local nobles and served the cause of the Habsburg or Valois in return for protection offered by their patrons. They also obtained in addition tax exemptions from the sovereign government. Having gained an imperial or royal commission as colonel or captain, any patron chose his most skillful clients to form the hard core of his regular unit, whose ranks were completed by aggregating other military professionals, recruited through low rank officers personal ties. The long-lasting conflict for hegemony in Italy and the continuity in the relationship between patron-captain and clients-soldiers guaranteed transfer and accumulation of high level military know-how, helping to create the elite unit, the banda vecchia, so reliable and trained to be transferred, at considerable expense, from one front to another of the clash between powers. This contribution is intended to justify the overcoming of the dichotomy a basic category also in latest historiography on the Early Modern Warfare between professionals soldiers and clients-soldiers, and that between the figure of the military entrepreneur and the feudal lord surrounded by his vassals at arms. 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